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ILAR Journal Dec 2017Most primate behavior is dependent on high acuity vision. Optimal visual performance in primates depends heavily upon frontally placed eyes, retinal specializations, and... (Review)
Review
Most primate behavior is dependent on high acuity vision. Optimal visual performance in primates depends heavily upon frontally placed eyes, retinal specializations, and binocular vision. To see an object clearly its image must be placed on or near the fovea of each eye. The oculomotor system is responsible for maintaining precise eye alignment during fixation and generating eye movements to track moving targets. The visual system of nonhuman primates has a similar anatomical organization and functional capability to that of humans. This allows results obtained in nonhuman primates to be applied to humans. The visual and oculomotor systems of primates are immature at birth and sensitive to the quality of binocular visual and eye movement experience during the first months of life. Disruption of postnatal experience can lead to problems in eye alignment (strabismus), amblyopia, unsteady gaze (nystagmus), and defective eye movements. Recent studies in nonhuman primates have begun to discover the neural mechanisms associated with these conditions. In addition, genetic defects that target the retina can lead to blindness. A variety of approaches including gene therapy, stem cell treatment, neuroprosthetics, and optogenetics are currently being used to restore function associated with retinal diseases. Nonhuman primates often provide the best animal model for advancing fundamental knowledge and developing new treatments and cures for blinding diseases.
Topics: Animals; Blindness; Eye Movements; Genetic Therapy; Optogenetics; Primates; Strabismus; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 28575309
DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx009 -
ELife Aug 2021The development of binocular vision is an active learning process comprising the development of disparity tuned neurons in visual cortex and the establishment of precise...
The development of binocular vision is an active learning process comprising the development of disparity tuned neurons in visual cortex and the establishment of precise vergence control of the eyes. We present a computational model for the learning and self-calibration of active binocular vision based on the Active Efficient Coding framework, an extension of classic efficient coding ideas to active perception. Under normal rearing conditions with naturalistic input, the model develops disparity tuned neurons and precise vergence control, allowing it to correctly interpret random dot stereograms. Under altered rearing conditions modeled after neurophysiological experiments, the model qualitatively reproduces key experimental findings on changes in binocularity and disparity tuning. Furthermore, the model makes testable predictions regarding how altered rearing conditions impede the learning of precise vergence control. Finally, the model predicts a surprising new effect that impaired vergence control affects the statistics of orientation tuning in visual cortical neurons.
Topics: Computer Simulation; Humans; Models, Biological; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Vision, Binocular; Visual Cortex
PubMed: 34402429
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.56212 -
Journal of Optometry 2016We analyze the role of bilateral symmetry in enhancing binocular visual ability in human eyes, and further explore how efficiently bilateral symmetry is preserved in... (Review)
Review
We analyze the role of bilateral symmetry in enhancing binocular visual ability in human eyes, and further explore how efficiently bilateral symmetry is preserved in different ocular surgical procedures. The inclusion criterion for this review was strict relevance to the clinical questions under research. Enantiomorphism has been reported in lower order aberrations, higher order aberrations and cone directionality. When contrast differs in the two eyes, binocular acuity is better than monocular acuity of the eye that receives higher contrast. Anisometropia has an uncommon occurrence in large populations. Anisometropia seen in infancy and childhood is transitory and of little consequence for the visual acuity. Binocular summation of contrast signals declines with age, independent of inter-ocular differences. The symmetric associations between the right and left eye could be explained by the symmetry in pupil offset and visual axis which is always nasal in both eyes. Binocular summation mitigates poor visual performance under low luminance conditions and strong inter-ocular disparity detrimentally affects binocular summation. Considerable symmetry of response exists in fellow eyes of patients undergoing myopic PRK and LASIK, however the method to determine whether or not symmetry is maintained consist of comparing individual terms in a variety of ad hoc ways both before and after the refractive surgery, ignoring the fact that retinal image quality for any individual is based on the sum of all terms. The analysis of bilateral symmetry should be related to the patients' binocular vision status. The role of aberrations in monocular and binocular vision needs further investigation.
Topics: Aging; Contrast Sensitivity; Dominance, Ocular; Humans; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; Refractive Surgical Procedures; Vision Disorders; Vision, Binocular; Visual Perception
PubMed: 26995709
DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2016.01.005 -
Attention, Perception & Psychophysics Feb 2022In the present study, we investigated the difference between monocular augmented reality (AR) and binocular AR in terms of perception and cognition by using a task that...
In the present study, we investigated the difference between monocular augmented reality (AR) and binocular AR in terms of perception and cognition by using a task that combines the flanker task with the oddball task. A right- or left-facing arrowhead was presented as a central stimulus at the central vision, and participants were instructed to press a key only when the direction in which the arrowhead faced was a target. In a small number of trials, arrowheads that were facing in the same or opposite direction (flanker stimuli) were presented beside the central stimulus binocularly or monocularly as an AR image. In the binocular condition, the flanker stimuli were presented to both eyes, and, in the monocular condition, only to the dominant eye. The results revealed that participants could respond faster in the binocular condition than in the monocular one; however, only when the flanker stimuli were in the opposite direction was the response faster in the monocular condition. Moreover, the results of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) showed that all stimuli were processed in both the monocular and the binocular conditions in the perceptual stage; however, the influence of the flanker stimuli was attenuated in the monocular condition in the cognitive stage. The influence of flanker stimuli might be more unstable in the monocular condition than in the binocular condition, but more precise examination should be conducted in a future study.
Topics: Augmented Reality; Cognition; Humans; Photic Stimulation; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Monocular
PubMed: 34426931
DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02346-6 -
Journal of Vision Feb 2013We investigated suprathreshold binocular combination in humans with abnormal binocular visual experience early in life. In the first experiment we presented the two eyes... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
We investigated suprathreshold binocular combination in humans with abnormal binocular visual experience early in life. In the first experiment we presented the two eyes with equal but opposite phase shifted sine waves and measured the perceived phase of the cyclopean sine wave. Normal observers have balanced vision between the two eyes when the two eyes' images have equal contrast (i.e., both eyes contribute equally to the perceived image and perceived phase = 0°). However, in observers with strabismus and/or amblyopia, balanced vision requires a higher contrast image in the nondominant eye (NDE) than the dominant eye (DE). This asymmetry between the two eyes is larger than predicted from the contrast sensitivities or monocular perceived contrast of the two eyes and is dependent on contrast and spatial frequency: more asymmetric with higher contrast and/or spatial frequency. Our results also revealed a surprising NDE-to-DE enhancement in some of our abnormal observers. This enhancement is not evident in normal vision because it is normally masked by interocular suppression. However, in these abnormal observers the NDE-to-DE suppression was weak or absent. In the second experiment, we used the identical stimuli to measure the perceived contrast of a cyclopean grating by matching the binocular combined contrast to a standard contrast presented to the DE. These measures provide strong constraints for model fitting. We found asymmetric interocular interactions in binocular contrast perception, which was dependent on both contrast and spatial frequency in the same way as in phase perception. By introducing asymmetric parameters to the modified Ding-Sperling model including interocular contrast gain enhancement, we succeeded in accounting for both binocular combined phase and contrast simultaneously. Adding binocular contrast gain control to the modified Ding-Sperling model enabled us to predict the results of dichoptic and binocular contrast discrimination experiments and provides new insights into the mechanisms of abnormal binocular vision.
Topics: Adult; Amblyopia; Contrast Sensitivity; Discrimination, Psychological; Humans; Sensory Thresholds; Strabismus; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 23397039
DOI: 10.1167/13.2.14 -
PloS One 2023This study aimed to evaluate the difference between binocular and monocular vision and eye movements during the competition using video-oculography (VOG).
PURPOSE
This study aimed to evaluate the difference between binocular and monocular vision and eye movements during the competition using video-oculography (VOG).
METHODS
Experiment 1 included 14 participants to evaluate differences in arrow convergence. Then, seven participants in Experiment 1 were randomly selected and included in Experiment 2, which evaluated eye movements during archery using VOG. The target used an 80-cm waterproof target face and was set at a distance of 30 m. All players shot the target 36 times using their bows and arrows. Experiments 1 and 2 evaluated the distribution of arrows in each score and the number of focus points, respectively, between binocular and monocular conditions.
RESULTS
The arrows, which include the area of 9 points, were significantly greater in the binocular condition (11.85 ± 5.04 shots) than in the monocular condition (9.36 ± 5.41 shots) in Experiment 1 (P = 0.047). The players focused on the target under both binocular and monocular conditions, although the players were switching off fixation between the target and shooting sight under the binocular condition in Experiment 2.
CONCLUSION
These behaviors indicated that the players were trying to accurately shoot the target by exploring the distance between themselves and the target as a cue for depth perception.
Topics: Humans; Vision, Binocular; Eye Movements; Vision, Monocular
PubMed: 38032992
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294985 -
Clinical & Experimental Optometry Jul 2014It is well known that problems with binocular vision can cause issues for reading; less known is to what extent binocular vision improves reading performance. The...
BACKGROUND
It is well known that problems with binocular vision can cause issues for reading; less known is to what extent binocular vision improves reading performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of binocularity by directly comparing monocular and binocular reading in subjects with typical reading skills and normal binocular vision. A secondary purpose was to assess any asymmetry in monocular performance and its association with the sighting dominant eye.
METHODS
In a balanced repeated measures experiment, 18 subjects read paragraphs of text under monocular and binocular conditions. All subjects went through an optometric examination before inclusion. Reading speed and eye movements were recorded with an eye tracker.
RESULTS
The mean difference in reading speed (2.1 per cent) between monocular (dominant and non-dominant eye averaged) and binocular reading speed was not significant. A significant difference in reading speed was found between binocular and the non-dominant eye, as determined by the far sighting test (p = 0.03). Monocular reading showed significantly increased (8.9 per cent) fixation duration (p < 0.01) and longer regressive saccades by 0.43 character spaces (p < 0.01). Reading with the non-dominant eye, as determined by the near sighting test, showed increased progressive saccade length by 0.2 characters compared to the dominant eye (p = 0.03). No other significant differences between dominant and non-dominant eyes were found. The agreement between the faster reading eye and ocular dominance was 44 to 56 per cent depending on whether dominance was determined at near or far.
CONCLUSION
The outcomes suggest that in subjects with normal binocular vision, there is no marked enhancement in reading performance by binocular vision when reading paragraphs of text. Furthermore, the monocular reading performance appears to be close to equal and any small differences in performance appear not to be strongly associated with ocular dominance.
Topics: Adult; Dominance, Ocular; Eye Movements; Female; Humans; Male; Photic Stimulation; Reading; Reference Values; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity; Young Adult
PubMed: 24612111
DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12137 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... Apr 2021The International Myopia Institute's (IMI) mission is to advance research, education, and management of myopia to decrease future vision impairment and blindness... (Review)
Review
The International Myopia Institute's (IMI) mission is to advance research, education, and management of myopia to decrease future vision impairment and blindness associated with increasing myopia. Its approach is to bring together scientists, clinicians, policymakers, government members, and educators into the field of myopia to stimulate collaboration and sharing of knowledge. The latest reports are on pathologic myopia, the impact of myopia, risk factors for myopia, accommodation and binocular vision in myopia development and progression, and the prevention of myopia and its progression. Together with the digest updating the 2019 International Myopia Institute white papers using the research published in the last 18 months, these evidence-based consensus white papers help to clarify the imperative for myopia control and the role of environmental modification initiatives, informing an evidence-based clinical approach. This guidance includes who to treat and when to start or stop treatment, and the advantages and limitations of different management approaches.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Congresses as Topic; Humans; Myopia; Orthokeratologic Procedures; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 33909037
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.5.1 -
Current Biology : CB Oct 2021Depth perception emerges from the development of binocular neurons in primary visual cortex. Vision is required for these neurons to acquire their mature responses to...
Depth perception emerges from the development of binocular neurons in primary visual cortex. Vision is required for these neurons to acquire their mature responses to visual stimuli. The prevailing view is that vision does not influence binocular circuitry until the onset of the critical period, about a week after eye opening, and that plasticity of visual responses is triggered by increased inhibition. Here, we show that vision is required to form binocular neurons and to improve binocular tuning and matching from eye opening until critical period closure. Enhancing inhibition does not accelerate this process. Vision soon after eye opening improves the tuning properties of binocular neurons by strengthening and sharpening ipsilateral eye cortical responses. This progressively changes the population of neurons in the binocular pool, and this plasticity is sensitive to interocular differences prior to critical period onset. Thus, vision establishes binocular circuitry and guides binocular plasticity from eye opening.
Topics: Neurons; Photic Stimulation; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Ocular; Visual Cortex
PubMed: 34411526
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.053 -
Vision Research Nov 2020The statistics of our environment impact not only our behavior, but also the selectivity and connectivity of the early sensory cortices. Over the last fifty years,... (Review)
Review
The statistics of our environment impact not only our behavior, but also the selectivity and connectivity of the early sensory cortices. Over the last fifty years, powerful theories such as efficient coding, sparse coding, and the infomax principle have been proposed to explain the nature of this influence. Numerous computational and theoretical studies have since demonstrated solid, testable evidence in support of these theories, especially in the visual domain. However, most such work has concentrated on monocular, luminance-field descriptions of natural scenes, and studies that systematically focus on binocular processing of realistic visual input have only been conducted over the past two decades. In this review, we discuss the most recent of these binocular computational studies, with particular emphasis on disparity selectivity. We begin with a report of the relevant literature demonstrating concrete evidence for the relationship between natural disparity statistics, neural selectivity, and behavior. This is followed by a discussion of supervised and unsupervised computational studies. For each study, we include a description of the input data, theoretical principles employed in the models, and the contribution of the results in explaining biological data (neural and behavioral). In the discussion, we compare these models to the binocular energy model, and examine their application to the modelling of normal and abnormal development of vision. We conclude with a short description of what we believe are the most important limitations of the current state-of-the-art, and directions for future work which could address these shortcomings and enrich current and future models.
Topics: Environment; Humans; Vision Disparity; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 32771554
DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.07.009